If you’re seeking the best garage-ready chest freezers that keep food fresh in any climate, I recommend considering features like durable insulation, adjustable thermostats, and reliable temperature controls. Models vary from 2.0 to 14.6 cubic feet, often with easy maintenance and security options. These freezers are built to withstand temperature fluctuations and harsh environments. To find the perfect fit for your needs, explore the top options listed here—there’s plenty to discover for your storage needs.
Key Takeaways
- Look for garage-rated chest freezers with durability and insulation suited for extreme temperatures.
- Choose models with external thermostats and leak-proof drains for easy temperature management.
- Prioritize freezers with high energy efficiency and reliable temperature control features.
- Opt for units with security features like locks and tamper-resistant handles to protect stored items.
- Consider capacity and organized storage options to suit your specific food preservation needs.
FRIGIDAIRE EFRF5003 Deep Freezer (5.0 Cu. Ft., Black)
If you’re looking for a reliable garage-ready chest freezer that offers ample storage without taking up too much space, the Frigidaire EFRF5003 is an excellent choice. With a 5.0 cu. ft. capacity, it’s perfect for large families or extra food storage. Its single flip-up lid makes access quick and easy, while the removable wire basket helps keep things organized. The adjustable thermostat with seven settings allows precise temperature control, and the sturdy aluminum interior ensures durability. Designed for garage use, it’s built to withstand varying temperatures and conditions, making it a practical, space-efficient addition to any home.
Best For: those needing a compact, garage-ready freezer with easy access and organization for large families or extra food storage.
Pros:
- Ample 5.0 cu. ft. capacity fits large quantities of food
- Adjustable thermostat with seven temperature settings for precise control
- Durable aluminum interior and easy-to-clean defrost drain for maintenance
Cons:
- Partial certification may limit certain warranty or insurance options
- No built-in lock or security features
- Might be less suitable for those needing more than 5.0 cu. ft. of space
Hamilton Beach Garage Ready Chest Freezer (HBFRF3030)
The Hamilton Beach Garage Ready Chest Freezer (HBFRF3030) stands out as an excellent choice for large families, hunters, and those needing substantial frozen storage. With a generous 30 cubic feet capacity, it’s perfect for storing frozen meals, meats, and large quantities of food. Its adjustable thermostat with seven settings makes temperature control simple, while the easy defrost drain ensures hassle-free cleaning. The removable vinyl-coated wire basket helps keep smaller items organized and accessible. Plus, the external lock enhances security, and a power-on indicator light offers quick status checks. Its durable white finish and garage-ready design make it a versatile, reliable addition to any home or commercial space.
Best For: large families, hunters, and those needing extensive frozen storage for meals, meats, or bulk items.
Pros:
- Spacious 30 cu. ft. capacity ideal for large-scale storage needs
- Adjustable thermostat with seven settings for precise temperature control
- Durable garage-ready design with easy-to-clean features like the defrost drain
Cons:
- Large size may require significant space in the garage or storage area
- Heavy and potentially difficult to move or reposition once installed
- No built-in alarm system for temperature fluctuations or malfunctions
Frigidaire Chest Deep Freezer, 7 Cu. Ft
A 7 Cu. Ft. Frigidaire Chest Deep Freezer offers ample space for storing recipes, groceries, and seasonal harvests. Its compact design features a distinctive granita textured finish, making it suitable for small spaces like garages. The adjustable external thermostat allows precise control over freezing temperatures, while the compressor-on indicator keeps you informed of operation. Inside, a removable vinyl-coated wire basket helps organize your items, and an interior drain plug simplifies cleaning. Built for durability, this freezer combines practicality with a rugged look, making it a reliable choice for keeping food fresh in any climate.
Best For: homeowners or small business owners needing reliable, compact freezer storage for meats, seasonal harvests, and bulk foods in limited space.
Pros:
- Ample 7 Cu. Ft. capacity for versatile storage needs
- Adjustable external thermostat for precise temperature control
- Durable, rugged design ensuring long-term use
Cons:
- Compact size may not suit large-scale storage needs
- Granita textured finish might be less sleek in modern interiors
- Manual defrosting required, which can be time-consuming
Midea MERC04C4BAWW 3.5 Cubic Feet Chest Freezer, Cu.ft-Convertible, White
The Midea MERC04C4BAWW 3.5 Cubic Feet Chest Freezer stands out as an excellent choice for those needing a reliable, garage-ready freezer that can handle variable temperatures. Its convertible design allows switching between freezer and fridge modes, making it versatile for different storage needs. With a capacity of 3.5 cubic feet, it’s perfect as a secondary freezer in garages or basements. The unit features adjustable legs, a removable basket for organization, and an exterior control panel to adjust temperatures without losing cold air. Certified for durability, it operates efficiently in extreme temperatures and offers up to 48 hours of power outage protection.
Best For: those needing a versatile, garage-ready freezer that can switch between freezing and cooling functions with durable performance in extreme temperatures.
Pros:
- Convertible design allows easy switching between freezer and fridge modes for flexible storage.
- Power outage protection up to 48 hours ensures food safety during outages.
- Compact size with adjustable legs and removable basket for organized and adaptable placement.
Cons:
- Limited capacity of 3.5 cubic feet may not suit large storage needs.
- May require space for proper ventilation due to freestanding design.
- Some users might find the exterior control panel less intuitive compared to digital displays.
Koolatron 7.0 Cu Ft Chest Deep Freezer
If you need a reliable chest freezer that can handle bulk storage and is ready for garage environments, the Koolatron 7.0 Cu Ft Chest Deep Freezer is an excellent choice. With its spacious 7 cubic feet capacity, it’s perfect for buying in bulk, reducing waste, and saving money. Its garage-ready, freestanding design features a flat-back and swing-top lid for easy placement. The manual defrost with a leak-proof drain simplifies cleaning, while removable baskets keep smaller items organized. External temperature control and quick cooling ensure your food stays fresh. Lightweight and quiet, it’s versatile enough for homes, basements, or cottages.
Best For: homeowners, renters, or small business owners seeking a spacious, garage-ready chest freezer for bulk food storage and organization.
Pros:
- Large 7.0 cu ft capacity ideal for bulk storage and reducing waste.
- Garage-ready design with flat-back and swing-top lid for easy placement.
- Manual defrost with leak-proof drain simplifies cleaning and maintenance.
Cons:
- Manual defrost may require periodic effort to maintain optimal performance.
- Slightly bulky dimensions may not fit in small spaces without careful planning.
- Limited external temperature range (-24°C to 0°C) may not accommodate all storage needs.
Kenmore Deep Freezer, 8.7 Cu Ft Chest Freezer
When searching for a reliable chest freezer that can handle variable environments, the Kenmore Deep Freezer with 8.7 cubic feet of capacity stands out. It offers ample space for groceries, seasonal items, or bulk storage, with a handy hanging basket for quick access. The external control dial with seven settings lets me fine-tune the temperature from -12°C to -22°C, ensuring food stays fresh. Its advanced compressor and insulation perform well even in unheated spaces like garages or sheds. Easy to clean with a manual defrost drain and rollers, it’s built for durability, energy efficiency, and long-lasting performance—perfect for any climate or storage need.
Best For: households, garages, or cabins needing a reliable, energy-efficient chest freezer with ample storage and precise temperature control.
Pros:
- Spacious 8.7 cu ft capacity with a hanging basket for organized storage
- Adjustable external temperature dial from -12°C to -22°C for customized cooling
- Durable construction with easy maintenance features like manual defrost and leakproof drain
Cons:
- Chest freezer design may require more floor space compared to upright models
- Manual defrost process can be time-consuming and require effort
- Limited color options, primarily classic white, may not match all decor styles
Frigidaire Chest Deep Freezer, 7 Cu. Ft. Capacity
With a 7 cubic foot capacity, the Frigidaire Chest Deep Freezer offers ample storage for those needing extra freezer space in a compact unit. Despite its small footprint, it provides plenty of room for recipes, groceries, and seasonal harvests. Its stylish stainless steel top lid adds a modern touch, while the adjustable thermostat guarantees ideal freezing. The easy-to-clean interior includes a defrost drain and a removable wire basket for organized storage. Built for durability, this garage-ready freezer performs well in various environments, making it a reliable choice for keeping food fresh in any climate.
Best For: households or small businesses seeking a durable, stylish, and compact freezer with ample storage for seasonal harvests, meats, and groceries.
Pros:
- Spacious 7 Cu. Ft. capacity fits a variety of foods and bulk items
- Stylish stainless steel top lid enhances kitchen or garage aesthetics
- Easy to clean with convenient defrost drain and interior drain plug
Cons:
- Compact footprint may limit large item storage for some users
- Manual defrost process could require regular maintenance
- May not have advanced digital controls found in higher-end models
Kenmore 7.0 Cu Ft Deep Freezer
The Kenmore 7.0 Cu Ft Deep Freezer stands out as an ideal choice for homeowners needing reliable, garage-ready storage. Its spacious interior features a basket for organized storage and a convertible fridge/freezer option, perfect for bulk groceries or seasonal items. The flat back and compact design help it fit in tight spaces, while the adjustable thermostat ensures superior temperature control. Built with premium insulation and sealing technology, it performs well even in challenging environments like garages or basements. Easy to maintain with a leakproof drain and hassle-free defrosting, this durable freezer comes with a 2-year warranty, offering peace of mind for long-term use.
Best For: homeowners or families seeking a reliable, garage-ready freezer with ample storage and versatile temperature control.
Pros:
- Spacious 7.0 cu ft capacity with organized storage including a hanging basket.
- Convertible fridge/freezer feature for flexible food storage needs.
- Durable design with premium insulation and sealing technology suitable for challenging environments.
Cons:
- Customer reviews average only 3.9 stars, indicating some users may experience issues.
- Manual defrost may require more maintenance compared to automatic models.
- Slightly heavy at 65.3 pounds, which may make moving or installation more difficult.
FRIGIDAIRE Chest Deep Freezer, 7 Cu. Ft, Black
If you’re looking for a reliable freezer that can handle your garage’s challenging conditions, the FRIGIDAIRE Chest Deep Freezer, 7 Cu. Ft., black is a solid choice. Its garage-ready design features a durable stainless steel top door and a compact footprint, perfect for small spaces. The flip-up lid allows easy access, while the removable vinyl-coated wire basket helps organize your items. With an external adjustable thermostat and interior defrost drain, maintenance is straightforward. Weighing just 70 pounds and powered by a 500-watt compressor, it offers precise temperature control and durability. Overall, it’s a practical option for keeping food fresh in any climate.
Best For: those seeking a garage-ready, compact freezer with large capacity and easy maintenance for storing meats, seasonal items, and groceries.
Pros:
- Durable stainless steel top door and hinges for long-lasting use.
- Compact design with a low footprint, ideal for small spaces.
- External adjustable thermostat and defrost drain simplify temperature control and cleaning.
Cons:
- Rated only 2.8 out of 5 stars based on customer reviews, indicating mixed feedback.
- Limited to a 30-day return policy, which may be restrictive for some buyers.
- No additional features like Wi-Fi connectivity or advanced controls.
Kenmore 7CuFt Locking Chest Freezer
The Kenmore 7CuFt Locking Chest Freezer stands out as an ideal choice for anyone needing dependable extra storage in a garage, shed, or basement. Its sleek black finish with a stainless steel-look lid and chrome handle give it a modern, durable look. With 7 cubic feet of capacity, it’s perfect for bulk groceries, seasonal produce, or game storage. The balanced lid stays open for easy packing, and the built-in safety lock guarantees security. Designed to operate smoothly between 0 and -22°C, it remains garage-ready even in extreme temperatures. Easy to defrost and clean, it’s a reliable, versatile freezer for any climate.
Best For: homeowners or small business owners needing reliable, garage-ready extra freezer storage for bulk foods, seasonal items, or game in a durable and secure chest freezer.
Pros:
- Garage-ready design maintains optimal temperature in extreme environments
- External thermostat and leak-proof drain simplify defrosting and maintenance
- Built-in safety lock enhances security against unauthorized access
Cons:
- Slightly heavy at 60 pounds, may require assistance for moving
- Manual defrost requires periodic maintenance and defrosting efforts
- Customer ratings are moderate, with some reviews indicating room for durability improvements
Avanti Garage Ready Chest Freezer (7.0 Cu. Ft.)
For those needing reliable extra freezer space in their garage, the Avanti Garage Ready Chest Freezer with 7.0 cu. ft. capacity stands out as an excellent choice. Its ample storage and removable wire basket make organizing frozen foods straightforward. The flip-up lid with an integrated handle offers easy access, while the external temperature control allows quick adjustments to suit your needs. Manual defrost helps maintain ideal performance, and the easy-to-clean interior simplifies maintenance. Plus, a power indicator light signals when it’s operational. Designed specifically for garages, this freezer handles various environments and keeps your food fresh without hassle.
Best For: homeowners or garage owners seeking reliable extra freezer storage with easy access and organization for frozen foods.
Pros:
- Ample 7.0 cu. ft. capacity provides generous storage space.
- Removable wire basket helps keep frozen items organized.
- External temperature control allows for quick and convenient adjustments.
Cons:
- Manual defrost requires periodic maintenance to prevent ice buildup.
- Single flip-up lid may limit easy access compared to side-opening models.
- Designed primarily for garage use, may not be suitable for indoor kitchens.
Kenmore Chest Freezer, 14.6 Cu Ft, Garage Ready
Designed to withstand the varying temperatures of a garage environment, the Kenmore Chest Freezer with 14.6 cubic feet of capacity is an ideal choice for those needing reliable, large-scale frozen storage outside the home. Its garage-ready construction and premium insulation guarantee consistent cooling despite external fluctuations. The external thermostat dial with eight levels lets me easily customize the temperature, while the reliable compressor maintains steady performance. I appreciate the convenient front drain and stain-resistant interior for easy maintenance. With a spacious interior, hanging basket, and balanced lid, this freezer offers organized, quick access to my bulk foods, making it perfect for any climate.
Best For: those needing reliable, large-capacity frozen storage in garage or outdoor environments, such as homeowners, cottagers, or individuals with bulk food needs.
Pros:
- Garage-ready construction with premium insulation ensures consistent cooling in fluctuating external temperatures
- Spacious 14.6 cu ft interior with organized storage options, including a hanging basket and balanced lid for easy access
- External thermostat dial and front drain make temperature adjustment and maintenance simple and hassle-free
Cons:
- Manual defrost system requires periodic maintenance and can be time-consuming
- Heavy weight of 132.2 pounds may require assistance for installation or relocation
- No digital display or advanced controls, offering only basic temperature adjustments
10.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Removable Basket
A 0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with a removable basket offers a compact and accessible storage solution, making it ideal for those who need extra freezer space in tight areas like garages or small apartments. Its small footprint, measuring just 21.7 by 27.6 inches, fits easily into limited spaces while providing reliable deep freezing. The hinged door opens at a flexible 45°-90° angle, and the removable basket keeps small items organized. With adjustable leveling legs and a user-friendly front temperature control, it’s easy to set and maintain the most suitable freezing environment. Despite its size, it’s a powerful, quiet, energy-efficient option for preserving seafood, ice cream, or meat.
Best For: individuals with limited space seeking a reliable, energy-efficient chest freezer for storing seafood, ice cream, and meats in tight areas like garages, dorms, or small apartments.
Pros:
- Compact design with a 10.0 Cu.Ft capacity, ideal for small spaces
- Adjustable temperature control from -7.6°F to 6.8°F for precise freezing
- Quiet operation at ≤40dB, suitable for various settings
Cons:
- Manual defrost may require regular maintenance to prevent ice build-up
- Limited to upright storage for 24 hours before use, which may be inconvenient for some
- Slightly heavy at 73 pounds, requiring assistance for moving or installation
Kismile 7.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Removable Basket
If you need a reliable freezer that can handle frequent access without sacrificing organization, the Kismile 7.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Removable Basket is an excellent choice. Its compact, space-saving design fits well in garages, while still offering ample storage for meat, seafood, drinks, or breast milk. The top-hinged door opens smoothly at various angles, making loading and unloading easy. With adjustable temperature control from 6.8°F to -7.6°F, you can customize the freezing conditions. Quiet and energy-efficient, it uses just 0.66 kWh daily, operates below 38 dB, and is UL-certified for safety. It’s a versatile, user-friendly option for any climate.
Best For: households, small businesses, or individuals needing a space-efficient, reliable freezer for organized storage of meats, seafood, drinks, or breast milk.
Pros:
- Compact, space-saving design suitable for various settings like garages, kitchens, or offices
- Adjustable thermostat control from 6.8°F to -7.6°F for customizable freezing conditions
- Quiet operation below 38 dB and energy-efficient with only 0.66 kWh consumption per day
Cons:
- Limited to a 7.0 cubic foot capacity, which may not be sufficient for large-scale freezing needs
- Top-hinged door may require clearance space to fully open at wider angles
- No built-in alarm or indication for when the temperature is outside the optimal range
BLACK+DECKER Compact Chest Freezer (2.0 Cu. Ft.)
The BLACK+DECKER 2.0 Cu. Ft. Compact Chest Freezer offers reliable cold storage with 2 cubic feet of space, holding up to 70 pounds of frozen foods. Designed for home or garage use, it features a mechanical temperature control dial and an indicator light for easy adjustments without opening the lid. The removable basket helps keep things organized, while the drain simplifies defrosting. Weighing just 37 pounds and measuring 17.3 x 20.9 x 27.6 inches, it’s compact and easy to move. With over 500 reviews and a 4.4-star rating, it’s a solid choice for those needing dependable freezer space in any climate.
Best For: those needing a compact, reliable freezer for home or garage use with organized storage and easy temperature control.
Pros:
- Compact size (17.3 x 20.9 x 27.6 inches) fits easily into small spaces
- Mechanical temperature control dial allows precise adjustments without opening the lid
- Removable storage basket helps keep frozen items organized
Cons:
- Limited 2.0 cubic feet capacity may not be suitable for large families or bulk storage
- No automatic defrost feature; manual defrost required for maintenance
- Weighs 37 pounds, which may be heavy for some users to move frequently
Factors to Consider When Choosing Garage‑Ready Chest Freezers
When choosing a garage-ready chest freezer, I consider several key factors to guarantee it meets my needs. Things like temperature range flexibility, durability in tough environments, and enough storage capacity are vital. I also look at how easy it is to maintain and whether it has security features to protect my frozen goods.
Temperature Range Flexibility
Choosing a garage-ready chest freezer requires careful attention to its temperature range flexibility, as garages often experience temperature fluctuations. I look for models with an adjustable thermostat that has multiple settings, ensuring I can maintain precise temperatures. A good freezer should operate reliably from 0°F to -22°F, covering all my freezing needs. External controls are a big plus—they let me adjust the temperature without opening the lid, which helps conserve cold air. I also verify that the compressor and insulation are designed for consistent performance across the full temperature range, even in extreme outdoor conditions. This flexibility ensures my food stays fresh and safe, regardless of weather changes. Prioritizing these features helps me select a freezer that adapts seamlessly to my garage’s unpredictable climate.
Garage Environment Durability
Since garage environments can be unpredictable, I look for chest freezers built to withstand extreme temperatures, humidity, and outdoor conditions. These models feature enhanced insulation and sealing, which help maintain consistent temperatures despite fluctuations outside. Their durable exterior materials resist corrosion, rust, and UV damage, ensuring they last over time. I also check for adjustable thermostats and reliable compressors, so the freezer can adapt to changing garage conditions. Reinforced lids, hinges, and handles are essential for frequent opening and closing without damage. Some models are rated for use in environments with temperatures from 0°F to 110°F, giving me confidence they’ll perform reliably, no matter how extreme the climate. This durability guarantees my food stays fresh, even in the most challenging garage settings.
Storage Capacity Needs
Selecting the right storage capacity for your garage-ready chest freezer depends on how much space you need and what you plan to store. If you regularly buy in bulk or want to store seasonal produce, a larger model between 7 and 14 cubic feet offers ample room for meats, vegetables, and large quantities. For smaller needs or supplemental storage, a compact unit of 2 to 5 cubic feet may be sufficient, saving space in your garage. It’s also helpful to contemplate organizational features like removable baskets or adjustable shelves to maximize efficiency. Most importantly, choose a capacity that aligns with your long-term storage plans to avoid overcrowding or underutilization. Proper sizing ensures your freezer remains functional and meets your future storage needs.
Ease of Maintenance
Maintaining your garage-ready chest freezer is easier when it’s designed with user-friendly features. Look for models with accessible defrost drains and removable baskets, making cleaning and organizing straightforward. Choose freezers with sturdy, corrosion-resistant interior liners that can handle frequent cleaning and temperature changes. External controls and indicators are essential—they let you monitor and adjust temperatures without opening the lid, reducing frost buildup. Also, opt for units with easy-to-clean surfaces and minimal crevices where dirt and ice can gather, simplifying upkeep. Finally, select freezers with durable, garage-rated components built to withstand temperature fluctuations, ensuring routine maintenance remains hassle-free. These features save time, keep your freezer running smoothly, and extend its lifespan, making maintenance less of a chore.
Security Features
When choosing a garage-ready chest freezer, security features are essential to keep your stored items safe. Many models come with external or key locks that prevent unauthorized access, giving you peace of mind. Tamper-resistant latches and handles add extra protection, reducing the risk of accidental or intentional openings. Some freezers include security alarms or alerts that activate if the lid is opened unexpectedly, which is especially helpful in preventing theft or tampering. External lock mechanisms are built to withstand harsh environments, ensuring security even in unheated garages exposed to the elements. These features are critical for protecting your food and valuables from theft or damage, making them a key consideration when selecting a freezer for garage or outdoor use.
Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency is a critical factor when choosing a garage-ready chest freezer, as it directly impacts your utility bills and environmental footprint. I recommend looking for models with high Energy Star ratings to guarantee maximum efficiency. Adjustable thermostats are also important—they let you control energy use based on your storage needs and ambient conditions. Well-insulated walls and doors help minimize cold air loss, reducing energy consumption during operation. Choosing freezers with efficient compressors and fans ensures reliable cooling while consuming less power. Don’t forget to check for energy-saving features like automatic defrost or eco modes, which can noticeably enhance overall efficiency. Prioritizing these factors helps you save money and reduces your environmental impact while keeping your food fresh.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Energy-Efficient Are Garage-Ready Chest Freezers in Extreme Temperatures?
Garage-ready chest freezers are quite energy-efficient even in extreme temperatures. I’ve found that modern models are designed to adapt well, maintaining consistent temperatures without wasting energy. When it’s really hot or cold outside, I notice minimal increase in my energy bills because these freezers have good insulation and defrost features. Overall, they perform reliably, saving me money and keeping my food fresh regardless of outdoor climate conditions.
What Is the Typical Lifespan of a Garage-Ready Chest Freezer?
They say “time flies,” and that’s true for garage-ready chest freezers too. Typically, I’ve seen these freezers last about 10 to 15 years with proper maintenance. Of course, factors like usage, climate, and care can influence lifespan. I recommend regular defrosting and keeping them in good condition to extend their life. With proper care, you’ll get plenty of use out of your freezer before it’s time to replace it.
Can Garage-Ready Freezers Operate Reliably During Frequent Power Outages?
Yes, garage-ready freezers can operate reliably during frequent power outages, especially if they have features like temperature alarms, built-in battery backups, or power interruption protection. I’ve found that choosing models with good insulation and energy efficiency helps maintain food safety during outages. While no freezer is completely immune to power issues, these features give me confidence my food stays safe and fresh, even with unpredictable power.
Are There Specific Maintenance Routines for Garage-Ready Chest Freezers?
I recommend regularly checking the door seals to guarantee they’re airtight, much like I do for my garage freezer. For example, I once noticed frost buildup, signaling a seal issue, so I replaced it promptly. Additionally, I defrost the freezer annually and keep it clean to prevent dust and debris from affecting performance. Consistent maintenance like this keeps my garage-ready chest freezer reliable and efficient year-round.
How Do Garage-Ready Freezers Handle Humidity and Moisture Levels?
Garage-ready freezers are designed to handle humidity and moisture effectively. I’ve noticed they often have sealed gaskets and better insulation to prevent moisture buildup. Some models also feature drain plugs or defrosting systems that help manage excess moisture. I recommend keeping vents clear and ensuring the door seals tightly. These steps help maintain ideal conditions, even in high-humidity environments, so your food stays fresh longer.
Conclusion
So, if you want your frozen treasures to survive in any climate—hot or cold, freezing or scorching—these garage-ready freezers are your ultimate heroes. Imagine your food staying perfectly fresh, untouched by the chaos outside, like a fortress of frost guarding your culinary kingdom. Don’t settle for less—choose one of these powerhouses and turn your garage into a frozen paradise where freshness reigns supreme! Your food’s future depends on it.
